Philology: Journal Of English Language and Literature is committed to maintaining the integrity, completeness, and accuracy of the scholarly record. Honest errors are a natural part of the scientific process, and serious breaches of publication ethics can occur. To address these issues, the journal follows the standard guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding article corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern.

1. Corrections (Errata and Corrigenda)

A correction notice will be published if an article contains a significant error that affects its reading or interpretation but does not compromise the overall scientific integrity or conclusions of the research.

• Errata: Published if the journal introduces an error during the production, layout, or copyediting process that disrupts the data presentation or author metadata.
• Corrigenda: Published if the authors realize they made an honest mistake or omission (e.g., an error in data analysis, a missing reference, or an incorrect author name/affiliation) after publication.
• Implementation: The original article will remain online but will be linked to a separate, formal correction statement. A footnote or note will be added to the original article PDF to inform readers of the amendment.

1. Retractions

An article will be retracted if its findings, data, or conclusions are deemed fundamentally flawed, unreliable, or the result of severe publication misconduct.

• Criteria for Retraction: Retractions are issued in cases of clear evidence of unreliable findings due to misconduct (e.g., data fabrication or falsification), honest errors (e.g., miscalculation or experimental error), redundant publication, plagiarism, or unethical research.
• Implementation: The original article will not be completely removed from the journal’s website or digital archives to ensure historical transparency. Instead, a distinct "RETRACTED" watermark will be prominently applied across the article's PDF and abstract page. A formal Retraction Notice detailing the reasons and identifying who requested the retraction will be published and linked directly to the article.

1. Expressions of Concern

The Editorial Board may issue an Expression of Concern if:

• There is inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors.
• There is an ongoing investigation by the authors' institution or an independent body regarding potential misconduct, but a definitive conclusion has not yet been reached.
• An issue arises that could heavily impact the reliability of the paper, but immediate retraction is not yet warranted.

1. Handling and Decision Process

• Anyone can report potential issues or errors in published articles by contacting the editorial office via philologyumnaw@gmail.com.
• The Editorial Board will investigate all claims objectively, giving the authors a fair opportunity to respond and clarify the situation.
• The final decision to issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction rests solely with the Editor-in-Chief.