SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH FOLKTALES

This research concentrates in the study of Linguistics especially linguistic branch of Syntax. The syntactic structure of English folktales is analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. The result finds that folktales frequently use adverbial phrase such as there, once there, one day in the beginning of the sentence. The sentences are syntactically structure of a single clause consists of NP + VP, a single clause with plural verb (S=NP + VPs), two clauses (S= Clause 1 + Clause 2), three clauses (S= Clause 1 + Clause 2 + Clause 3), four clauses (S= Clause 1 + Clause 2 + Clause 3 + Clause 4), and even five clauses (S= Clause 1 + Clause 2 + Clause 3 + Clause 4 + Clause 5). However, mostly identified that sentence syntactically structure of two and three clauses are written in the folktales. After that a sentence of a single clause and four clauses while a sentence structured of 5 clauses is seldom used in the folktale.


INTRODUCTION
Language has a main function in humans' life so people can communicate, express their ideas, feeling and intention. So the interaction takes place because of the exchange of information via language.
The significance of language effects the development of science of language (linguistics). One of linguistic branches is syntax that studies how words or phrases arranged into clause and sentence. The study of syntax helps people to understand the structure of sentences in a language so people can arrange words and phrases correctly. Through the syntax research, people have better understand the syntactic structure of sentences where the word order can be analyzed and syntactic rules developed. This research analyzes syntactic structure in English folktales. Folktales are reading materials that are very popular and familiar in society especially children are very interested in the story of folktales. Even parents like to read them for their children at night. Farida and Sofwan (2012) said folktales are interactive, good and excellent teaching materials to learn English. Folktales are practical and effective to improve students' oral competition skill. Handayani (2013) said through folktales people can express their mindset they had during the period of tale. Krisnayanti (2019) said folktales are reading materials suitable to improve English learners' reading skill. So they can achieve the purpose of reading that is to get general and detailed information from the text.
The readers have to comprehend the text in order to understand the information effectively. Rahman (2017) said the use of folktales as a medium for basic literacy learning is an effort to preserve culture and identity of indigenous children. Folktales can be used not only to develop basic literacy but it is also an effort to preserve the practices and traditions of storytelling among indigenous people. Therefore, it is very important and interesting to analyze the syntactic structure of English folktales.

METHOD
This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The data in real and natural condition analyzed and described based on the theory of syntax especially syntactic structure.

Result
The result of research finds that first, English folktales are started by adverbial phrase there, once there, one day that expresses indefinite time and place long time ago. Secondly, the sentence is syntactically structure of a single clause NP + VP completed by adverbial phrase (AP) or prepositional phrase (PP). The single clauses use a verb (VP) and some other single clauses use plural verb (VP+VP) Then, there can also be found the sentences variously syntactically structured of two clauses, three clauses, four clauses and even five clauses. However most of them are written in sentences of two and three clauses.

Discussion
Most of folktales in the beginning of paragraphs are started to be written with adverbial phrase there, once there, one day, as seen in the table below: There was once a hare who was friends with a tortoise. a shepherd boy who liked to play tricks. a slave who was treated cruelly by his master. a proud elephant who always bullied smaller animals.
Once there was a dog who wandered the streets night and day in search of food. was a hungry fox who stumbled upon a vineyard. (Ponio:2021) The use of adverb there in the beginning of clause effects the verbal phrase was placed before the subject or Noun Phrase a hare, a shepherd, a slave and a proud elephant.
One day he couldn't take it anymore he challenged the tortoise to a race. he found a big juicy bone (Ponio:2021) Besides Adverbial phrase of place 'there' indicates the place of the story, the adverbial phrase 'one day' is always used in the folktales telling the unspecific time of the story.
Based on the tables above the syntactic structure of the sentence are: 1) Sentence There was once NP

2) Sentence
Once there VP

3) Sentence
One day NP + VP . In the syntactic structure of a single clause, the function of Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb Phrase (VP) as the main constituent of the clause are frequently preceded or followed by sequence marker, adverbial phrase (AP) or Prepositional Phrase (PP).
A single clause is also structured with plural verb such as lay down and waited, saw and cried, couldn't take and ran, go and spray, do but cry, had and decided, went and started as identified in the sentences below: a. So  More than syntactically structured of 4 clauses, there is a sentence structured of 5 clauses using connectors and, but, because, such as: Months (NP1) passed (VP1) // and seasons (NP2) changed (VP2) //but everywhere he (NP3) went (VP3), //nobody (NP4) wanted (VP4) him //because he (NP5) was (VP5) such an ugly duck.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research of Syntactic Structure of English Folktales, the conclusions are: 1) In the beginning of paragraph, usually the sentences are started with adverbial phrases (AP) of there, once there, one day that become the main characteristics of English folktales.
2) The sentences are syntactically structured into single clause with one subject and one verb (NP + VP) and single clause with one subject and two verbs (NP + VPs) 3) The sentences are syntactically structured into two clauses (S = Clause 1 + clause 2). This type of sentences are often used in English folktales. 4) The sentences are syntactically structured into three clauses (S = Clause 1 + clause 2 + Clause 3) 5) The sentences are syntactically structured into four clauses (S = Clause 1 + clause 2 + Clause 3 + Clause 4) 6) The sentences are syntactically structured into five clauses (S = Clause 1 + clause 2 + Clause 3 + Clause 4 + Clause 5) but it is seldom used in the folktales.