GRAMATICAL RELATION ON OBJECT IN DELI JAVANESE DIALECT: TYPOLOGY STUDY

This research is aimed at describing one of the properties of grammatical relation namely object in Deli Javanese Language (DJL). The purpose of this research is to analyze the forms of the object based on its behavior which depicts (a) FN as object controlling object prefix on verb, (b) FN as object directly follows verb and (c) object as FN can be raised to the position of Subject through the process of passivity. This research refers to the grammatical relation concept of tipology study by obtaining the data from text books, journals and interview. The result showed that object relation was an FN that directly follows verbs and could not be inserted by any adverb. The verb prefix as transitive verb could be placed after subject and it needed an object as the second arguments of the clause. Object relation, then, could be raised to subject position at the DJL passivity; meanwhile the subject of original clause became an Oblique relation. Furthermore these findings are expected to give much contribution on understanding in studying gramatical relation with Typology approach.


INTRODUCTION
Javanese language is one of the regional languages derives from the island of Java. It is spread in several various provinces in Indonesia, including in the province of North Sumatera with the largest number of Javanese speakers. Javanese language is the one of the most frequently spoken ethnic languages spread all over indonesia. Based on the level of speech, Javanese can be divided into three kinds, namely Ngoko Javanese, Madya Javanese and Krama Javanese (Wedhawati 2006: 11). Ngoko is Javanese language which is used as source data in this research. It is frequently spoken by Sumatran people known as Deli Javanese language for daily conversation in informal situation.
Study of language typology is generally intended to classify languages based on structural behavior displayed by a language. The purpose of language typology studies is mainly directed to answer the question: what is language x like? Grammatical relation is part of typology study that plays an important role, especially in the syntax of natural language, because they relate to a number of syntactic (grammatical) concepts and terms such as S (subject), O (object) and OBL (Oblique). This study has been frequently conducted to develope knowledge and undenstanding on Grammatical Relation espesaially for its properties as done by some experts of Syntax (see Cole (ed), 1975: Verhaar, 1999Alsina, 1992;Blake, 1999).
Grammatical Relation becomes one of the important discussion in language typology because it describes not only the properties of grammar but also structural behavior. According to Comrie (1998) Grammatical Relations are parts or elements of clauses / clauses that are categorized as Subjects (S), Direct Objects (OL), and Indirect Objects (OTL). These three grammatical realities are syntactic relations. Object is part of the element of clause which has been discussed in a few reseraches. As being elaborated by Smith (2018) that object makes a great deal of intuitive sense, play no formal role in the grammars that underlie natural language. Having Similarly been elaborated through the research conducted by Toma (2018) where it explained that differential object marking is a linguistic phenomenon which divides direct objects into two different classes, in which only one of the classes is marked and the other one is unmarked.
Object is clause/clause constituents that are behind active transitive verb. Object can be subject if clauses/clauses are converted to passive form. Based on these characteristics, the form of verb that becomes the predicate does not always use affixation in Javanese. Object is argument that experiences the action expressed by transitive verb. Arguments that experience the action stated by the verb occupy the second position in the hierarchy of grammatical functions after the subject (Verhaar, 1999;Alsina, 1996;Jufrizal, 2007). Furthermore, Culicover (1997: 16-17; see also Jufrizal 2007: 49-63), states that in general there are two types of arguments, namely: (i) subject argument whose presence in the clause as the most independent part of a verb; (ii) argument associated with certain verbs. This last argument, according to Relational Grammar theory (and also traditional grammar) is called object. So, the object in a transitive clause is a core argument (beside subject). Cole (ed), (1975)  Based on the description above, the researcher conducted a research on the basic behavior of object that is part of grammatical relations through a typology approach. In this study, object behavior was examined in Deli Javanese language with the aim of identifying the basic behavior of the objects and the changes that occur in the existing arguments.

METHOD
This research is a descriptivequalitative research that uses a qualitativephenomenological approach with the aim of making a description and systematic, factual and accurate depiction about the characteristics possessed by Deli Javanese language. This research data are qualitative in which the data are in the form of verbal language that usually appears naturally, acceptable, and understood by native speakers of Deli Javanese Language.
The main data in this study were clauses or utterances obtained from informants. After experiencing the data collection process, the researcher grouped the data by identifying the forms of object used in Deli Javanese language. The next step was to analyze the data that have been obtained with the existing theoretical basis. The concept used in this study is the concept proposed by Cole and Morgan (1975)

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Object grammatical relations, which is the second core relationship after the subject relationship, have no obstacles as exclusive as subject. Even so, there are certain characteristics that can be used as a something to identify it.

Object Controls the Prefix Object in Verbs
Grammatically, Object is a core argument needed by transitive verbs. This means, Object can be defined as the argument that appears in the structure of transitive clause. Furthermore, Object is a core argument which functions as transitive verb having prefix form in general.
(3.1) a. Pak Edi ngetemoke manten mau isuk Pak Edi temoke.ACT manten mau isuk 'Mr. Edi gathered the bride this morning' b. Murid iku ngelebokne sepatu nang njero kelas Murid iku lebokne.ACT sepatu nang njero kelas 'The student puts the shoes into the class' Based on the data above, there is a verb that functions as a transitive verb that has begining as seen in clause (4.1) a. The verb ngetemoke comes from the verb temoke which has the prefix -nge, so that when it is combined with the basic word, it will form a prefix. The object which is the core argument after the subject also plays as an agent will be positioned directly after the transitive verb and has a prefix form. The object as this second argument with the status of agent has the same role as in clause (4.1) b with the verb ngelebokne. The verb phrase has a basic word lebokne and is added with a prefix. Merging between the basic and prefix forms a prefix verb that functions as a transitive verb.

Object Directly Follows the Verb
Structurally, Objects in Deli Javanese language appears in the right position of the verb, in Verb Phrase (VP).  The objects in the clause above, all of which appear on the verb's right position is banyu 'water' (4.2) a, oma 'house' (4.2) b, and kemanakanku 'my niece'(4.3) c. In the object of banyu 'water' depicts the second core argument which positions directly itself after the verb. Meanwhile banyu is the patient of the verb nggodok and dweke is the agent in this clause. It also happens to the object of oma'house' in the second clause (4.2b) and kemanakanku 'my niece' in the third clause (4.3c) in which the position of the object is the same as the clause (4.2a)

The Object Is Raised to The Subject Position
Oject is an argument that always can alternate to Subject in the passive structure. On across languages, passivity is the best test for objectivity. Through passivity, FN Object in active becomes subject in passive clauses. Active Subject is realized as NULL (omitted in passive clauses).   .1 a and 4.3.2 a) show that the passive construction of JDL occurs in morphological processes. The object duet 'some money' in clause (4.3.1a) and oma 'the house' in clause (4.3.2 a) are raised to the subject of the clause (4.3.1b and 4.3.2b). The opposite occurs in the subject adike 'her sister' in clause (4.3.1a) and dheweke 'he' in clause (4.3.2b) in which the function ruduction happens from the subject being oblique in clauses (4.3.1b and 4.3.2b) characterized by the presence of preposition 'by' in the clause. Thus, JDL objects can be identified as an argument that can be raised from their grammatical functions from object argument to subject argument.

CONCLUSION
Based on the problems covering the characters of grammatical relations behavior in the basic clauses of JDL, it can be concluded that the behavior of grammatical relations in the basic language of JDL are related to the subject and object as core grammatical relations and oblique, complement, and adjunct as non-core grammatical relations. The main grammatical roles of JDL can be categorized as agent (actor) and patient (undergoer). In this research, Deli Javanese language objects can be identified by their basic behavior as stated by Cole and Morgan (1975) namely: (1). O is NP that controls the prefix O which can appear on verb; (2). O is NP (at least in a neutral context) which directly follows verbs; (3). O is NP which can be raised to the position of S through the passivity. The result shows that the three basic behaviors of objects in Deli Javanese are illustrated through the grammatical relation test. Thus syntactically that Java Deli has a corresponding object relationship which is explained based on existing theories and concepts.